Marc Bircham
| Date of birth | 11 May 1978 |
| Place of birth | Wembley |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Weight | 78 kg |
| Height | 1.78 m |
| Position | Defender/Midfielder |
Bircham took some time to recover from an injury suffered back in February 2000 and was only used sparingly by Millwall at the start of the 2000-01 campaign.
He then went down with a bout of tonsillitis before injuries and suspensions to others allowed him back in the team.
When fit he produced some excellent performances and captained the team on a number of occasions.
He is a hard-working central midfield player with some creative touches who can also play at full back.
Bircham again featured for Canada at international level, winning a further three caps.
Bircham was made available for transfer by Queens Park Rangers in May 2006.
Club history
| Team | Joined | Left | Loan / Trialist |
|---|---|---|---|
| Millwall | 22 May 1996 | 30 Jun 2002 | |
| Queens Park Rangers | 05 Jul 2002 | 30 Jun 2007 | |
| Yeovil Town | 10 Jul 2007 | 31 Jan 2009 |
Club stats
| Season | Team | Competition | Apps | Subs | Goals | Y | R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999-00 | Millwall | League Cup | 2 | ||||
| 2000-01 | Millwall | FA Cup | 3 | 1 |
|||
| 2000-01 | Millwall | LDV Vans Trophy | 2 |
1
|
|||
| 2000-01 | Millwall | League Cup | 1 | ||||
| 2000-01 | Millwall | League Division 2 | 13 | 7 |
2 |
2
|
|
| 2001-02 | Millwall | FA Cup | 1 | ||||
| 2001-02 | Millwall | League Division 1 | 22 | 2 |
4
|
||
| 2002-03 | Queens Park Rangers | FA Cup | 2 | ||||
| 2002-03 | Queens Park Rangers | League Division 2 | 34 | 2 |
2 |
10
|
1
|
| 2002-03 | Queens Park Rangers | League Division 2 Play-Offs | 3 |
2
|
|||
| 2003-04 | Queens Park Rangers | LDV Vans Trophy | 2 | ||||
| 2003-04 | Queens Park Rangers | League Cup | 3 |
2
|
|||
| 2003-04 | Queens Park Rangers | League Division 2 | 36 | 2 |
2 |
8
|
|
| 2004-05 | Queens Park Rangers | League Championship | 32 | 3 |
1 |
9
|
|
| 2004-05 | Queens Park Rangers | League Cup | 1 |
||||
| 2005-06 | Queens Park Rangers | League Championship | 24 | 2 |
2 |
6
|
|
| 2005-06 | Queens Park Rangers | League Cup | 1 | ||||
| 2006-07 | Queens Park Rangers | FA Cup | 1 |
||||
| 2006-07 | Queens Park Rangers | League Championship | 12 | 5 |
3
|
||
| 2006-07 | Queens Park Rangers | League Cup | 2 | ||||
| 2007-08 | Yeovil Town | League One | 9 | 4 |
5
|
1
|
|
| 2008-09 | Yeovil Town | Johnstones Paint Trophy | 1 | 1 |
1
|
||
| 2008-09 | Yeovil Town | League Cup | 1 |
1
|
|||
| 2008-09 | Yeovil Town | League One | 3 |
1
|
Please note: Career stats are based on performances in the Premier and Football Leagues and (in most cases all) internationals.
Club matches
| Date | Match | Result | Competition | Round | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 Aug 2002 | Queens Park Rangers v Chesterfield | W | 3-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 13 Aug 2002 | Stockport County v Queens Park Rangers | D | 1-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 17 Aug 2002 | Barnsley v Queens Park Rangers | L | 1-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 24 Aug 2002 | Queens Park Rangers v Peterborough United | W | 2-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 26 Aug 2002 | Wycombe Wanderers v Queens Park Rangers | L | 4-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 31 Aug 2002 | Queens Park Rangers v Plymouth Argyle | D | 2-2 | League Division 2 | |
| 07 Sep 2002 | Mansfield Town v Queens Park Rangers | W | 0-4 | League Division 2 | |
| 21 Sep 2002 | Bristol City v Queens Park Rangers | W | 1-3 | League Division 2 | |
| 05 Oct 2002 | Crewe Alexandra v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 09 Nov 2002 | Queens Park Rangers v Northampton Town | L | 0-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 16 Nov 2002 | Vauxhall Motors v Queens Park Rangers | D | 0-0 | FA Cup | 1st round |
| 23 Nov 2002 | Luton Town v Queens Park Rangers | D | 0-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 26 Nov 2002 | Queens Park Rangers v Vauxhall Motors | L | 1-1 (3-4) | FA Cup | 1st round replay |
| 29 Nov 2002 | Queens Park Rangers v Cardiff City | L | 0-4 | League Division 2 | |
| 14 Dec 2002 | Notts County v Queens Park Rangers | L | 3-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 21 Dec 2002 | Queens Park Rangers v Brentford | D | 1-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 26 Dec 2002 | Queens Park Rangers v Wycombe Wanderers | W | 2-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 01 Jan 2003 | Peterborough United v Queens Park Rangers | W | 0-2 | League Division 2 | |
| 04 Jan 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Stockport County | W | 1-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 18 Jan 2003 | Plymouth Argyle v Queens Park Rangers | W | 0-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 25 Jan 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Tranmere Rovers | L | 1-2 | League Division 2 | |
| 02 Feb 2003 | Chesterfield v Queens Park Rangers | W | 2-4 | League Division 2 | |
| 08 Feb 2003 | Northampton Town v Queens Park Rangers | D | 1-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 15 Feb 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Port Vale | W | 4-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 22 Feb 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Mansfield Town | D | 2-2 | League Division 2 | |
| 01 Mar 2003 | Swindon Town v Queens Park Rangers | L | 3-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 04 Mar 2003 | Huddersfield Town v Queens Park Rangers | W | 0-3 | League Division 2 | |
| 08 Mar 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Bristol City | W | 1-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 15 Mar 2003 | Oldham Athletic v Queens Park Rangers | D | 0-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 18 Mar 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Cheltenham Town | W | 4-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 22 Mar 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Wigan Athletic | L | 0-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 29 Mar 2003 | Blackpool v Queens Park Rangers | W | 1-3 | League Division 2 | |
| 05 Apr 2003 | Cardiff City v Queens Park Rangers | W | 1-2 | League Division 2 | |
| 12 Apr 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Luton Town | W | 2-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 19 Apr 2003 | Brentford v Queens Park Rangers | W | 1-2 | League Division 2 | |
| 21 Apr 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Notts County | W | 2-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 26 Apr 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Crewe Alexandra | D | 0-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 03 May 2003 | Colchester United v Queens Park Rangers | W | 0-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 10 May 2003 | Oldham Athletic v Queens Park Rangers | D | 1-1 | League Division 2 Play-Offs | Semi-final 1st leg |
| 14 May 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Oldham Athletic | W |
1-0 Agg: 2-1 |
League Division 2 Play-Offs | Semi-final 2nd leg |
| 25 May 2003 | Cardiff City v Queens Park Rangers | L | 1-0 | League Division 2 Play-Offs | Final |
| 09 Aug 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Blackpool | W | 5-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 12 Aug 2003 | Cheltenham Town v Queens Park Rangers | W | 1-2 | League Cup | 1st round |
| 18 Aug 2003 | Brighton and Hove Albion v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 23 Aug 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v AFC Bournemouth | W | 1-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 25 Aug 2003 | Rushden and Diamonds v Queens Park Rangers | D | 3-3 | League Division 2 | |
| 20 Sep 2003 | Luton Town v Queens Park Rangers | D | 1-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 23 Sep 2003 | Sheffield United v Queens Park Rangers | W | 0-2 | League Cup | 2nd round |
| 27 Sep 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Bristol City | D | 1-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 30 Sep 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Barnsley | W | 4-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 04 Oct 2003 | Grimsby Town v Queens Park Rangers | W | 0-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 14 Oct 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Kidderminster Harriers | W | 2-0 | LDV Vans Trophy | 1st round - southern section |
| 18 Oct 2003 | Peterborough United v Queens Park Rangers | D | 0-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 21 Oct 2003 | Port Vale v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 25 Oct 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Tranmere Rovers | D | 1-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 28 Oct 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Manchester City | L | 0-3 | League Cup | 3rd round |
| 01 Nov 2003 | Stockport County v Queens Park Rangers | W | 1-2 | League Division 2 | |
| 11 Nov 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Brentford | W | 1-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 15 Nov 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Plymouth Argyle | W | 3-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 22 Nov 2003 | Swindon Town v Queens Park Rangers | D | 1-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 20 Dec 2003 | Oldham Athletic v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 26 Dec 2003 | Notts County v Queens Park Rangers | D | 3-3 | League Division 2 | |
| 28 Dec 2003 | Queens Park Rangers v Colchester United | W | 2-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 03 Jan 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Rushden and Diamonds | W | 1-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 10 Jan 2004 | Blackpool v Queens Park Rangers | W | 0-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 17 Jan 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Brighton and Hove Albion | W | 2-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 20 Jan 2004 | Southend United v Queens Park Rangers | L | 4-0 | LDV Vans Trophy | Semi-final - southern section |
| 24 Jan 2004 | AFC Bournemouth v Queens Park Rangers | L | 1-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 31 Jan 2004 | Chesterfield v Queens Park Rangers | L | 4-2 | League Division 2 | |
| 07 Feb 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Notts County | W | 3-2 | League Division 2 | |
| 14 Feb 2004 | Brentford v Queens Park Rangers | D | 1-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 20 Feb 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Peterborough United | D | 1-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 02 Mar 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Port Vale | W | 3-2 | League Division 2 | |
| 06 Mar 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Oldham Athletic | D | 1-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 13 Mar 2004 | Hartlepool United v Queens Park Rangers | W | 1-4 | League Division 2 | |
| 16 Mar 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Wrexham | W | 2-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 20 Mar 2004 | Wycombe Wanderers v Queens Park Rangers | D | 2-2 | League Division 2 | |
| 06 Apr 2004 | Tranmere Rovers v Queens Park Rangers | D | 0-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 10 Apr 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Grimsby Town | W | 3-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 12 Apr 2004 | Barnsley v Queens Park Rangers | D | 3-3 | League Division 2 | |
| 17 Apr 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Stockport County | D | 1-1 | League Division 2 | |
| 24 Apr 2004 | Plymouth Argyle v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 01 May 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Swindon Town | W | 1-0 | League Division 2 | |
| 08 May 2004 | Sheffield Wednesday v Queens Park Rangers | W | 1-3 | League Division 2 | |
| 24 Aug 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Swansea City | W | 3-0 | League Cup | 1st round |
| 27 Aug 2004 | Gillingham v Queens Park Rangers | W | 0-1 | League Championship | |
| 31 Aug 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Sheffield United | L | 0-1 | League Championship | |
| 11 Sep 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Plymouth Argyle | W | 3-2 | League Championship | |
| 14 Sep 2004 | Crewe Alexandra v Queens Park Rangers | W | 0-2 | League Championship | |
| 18 Sep 2004 | Brighton and Hove Albion v Queens Park Rangers | W | 2-3 | League Championship | |
| 25 Sep 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Leicester City | W | 3-2 | League Championship | |
| 28 Sep 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Coventry City | W | 4-1 | League Championship | |
| 02 Oct 2004 | Stoke City v Queens Park Rangers | W | 0-1 | League Championship | |
| 16 Oct 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v West Ham United | W | 1-0 | League Championship | |
| 19 Oct 2004 | Preston North End v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-1 | League Championship | |
| 23 Oct 2004 | Wolverhampton Wanderers v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-1 | League Championship | |
| 30 Oct 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Burnley | W | 3-0 | League Championship | |
| 02 Nov 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Millwall | D | 1-1 | League Championship | |
| 06 Nov 2004 | West Ham United v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-1 | League Championship | |
| 20 Nov 2004 | Leeds United v Queens Park Rangers | L | 6-1 | League Championship | |
| 27 Nov 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Cardiff City | W | 1-0 | League Championship | |
| 11 Dec 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Ipswich Town | L | 2-4 | League Championship | |
| 18 Dec 2004 | Reading v Queens Park Rangers | L | 1-0 | League Championship | |
| 26 Dec 2004 | Plymouth Argyle v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-1 | League Championship | |
| 28 Dec 2004 | Queens Park Rangers v Crewe Alexandra | L | 1-2 | League Championship | |
| 03 Jan 2005 | Leicester City v Queens Park Rangers | L | 1-0 | League Championship | |
| 12 Feb 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Preston North End | L | 1-2 | League Championship | |
| 22 Feb 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Wolverhampton Wanderers | D | 1-1 | League Championship | |
| 26 Feb 2005 | Ipswich Town v Queens Park Rangers | W | 0-2 | League Championship | |
| 05 Mar 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Reading | D | 0-0 | League Championship | |
| 12 Mar 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Watford | W | 3-1 | League Championship | |
| 16 Mar 2005 | Derby County v Queens Park Rangers | D | 0-0 | League Championship | |
| 19 Mar 2005 | Rotherham United v Queens Park Rangers | W | 0-1 | League Championship | |
| 02 Apr 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Sunderland | L | 1-3 | League Championship | |
| 05 Apr 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Gillingham | D | 1-1 | League Championship | |
| 09 Apr 2005 | Sheffield United v Queens Park Rangers | L | 3-2 | League Championship | |
| 16 Apr 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Leeds United | D | 1-1 | League Championship | |
| 19 Apr 2005 | Burnley v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-0 | League Championship | |
| 30 Apr 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Nottingham Forest | W | 2-1 | League Championship | |
| 08 May 2005 | Cardiff City v Queens Park Rangers | L | 1-0 | League Championship | |
| 06 Aug 2005 | Hull City v Queens Park Rangers | D | 0-0 | League Championship | |
| 09 Aug 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Ipswich Town | W | 2-1 | League Championship | |
| 13 Aug 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Sheffield United | W | 2-1 | League Championship | |
| 20 Aug 2005 | Coventry City v Queens Park Rangers | L | 3-0 | League Championship | |
| 23 Aug 2005 | Northampton Town v Queens Park Rangers | L | 3-0 | League Cup | 1st round |
| 26 Aug 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Sheffield Wednesday | D | 0-0 | League Championship | |
| 30 Aug 2005 | Wolverhampton Wanderers v Queens Park Rangers | L | 3-1 | League Championship | |
| 10 Sep 2005 | Southampton v Queens Park Rangers | D | 1-1 | League Championship | |
| 13 Sep 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Luton Town | W | 1-0 | League Championship | |
| 17 Sep 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Leeds United | L | 0-1 | League Championship | |
| 24 Sep 2005 | Leicester City v Queens Park Rangers | W | 1-2 | League Championship | |
| 27 Sep 2005 | Millwall v Queens Park Rangers | D | 1-1 | League Championship | |
| 03 Oct 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Crystal Palace | L | 1-3 | League Championship | |
| 18 Oct 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Plymouth Argyle | D | 1-1 | League Championship | |
| 22 Oct 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Norwich City | W | 3-0 | League Championship | |
| 19 Dec 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Coventry City | L | 0-1 | League Championship | |
| 26 Dec 2005 | Brighton and Hove Albion v Queens Park Rangers | L | 1-0 | League Championship | |
| 28 Dec 2005 | Queens Park Rangers v Cardiff City | W | 1-0 | League Championship | |
| 31 Dec 2005 | Crewe Alexandra v Queens Park Rangers | W | 3-4 | League Championship | |
| 11 Feb 2006 | Queens Park Rangers v Millwall | W | 1-0 | League Championship | |
| 25 Feb 2006 | Sheffield United v Queens Park Rangers | W | 2-3 | League Championship | |
| 11 Mar 2006 | Sheffield Wednesday v Queens Park Rangers | D | 1-1 | League Championship | |
| 18 Mar 2006 | Queens Park Rangers v Brighton and Hove Albion | D | 1-1 | League Championship | |
| 25 Mar 2006 | Cardiff City v Queens Park Rangers | D | 0-0 | League Championship | |
| 29 Mar 2006 | Queens Park Rangers v Stoke City | L | 1-2 | League Championship | |
| 01 Apr 2006 | Queens Park Rangers v Crewe Alexandra | L | 1-2 | League Championship | |
| 08 Apr 2006 | Burnley v Queens Park Rangers | L | 1-0 | League Championship | |
| 05 Aug 2006 | Burnley v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-0 | League Championship | |
| 08 Aug 2006 | Queens Park Rangers v Leeds United | D | 2-2 | League Championship | |
| 22 Aug 2006 | Queens Park Rangers v Northampton Town | W | 3-2 | League Cup | 1st round |
| 25 Aug 2006 | Queens Park Rangers v Ipswich Town | L | 1-3 | League Championship | |
| 09 Sep 2006 | Plymouth Argyle v Queens Park Rangers | D | 1-1 | League Championship | |
| 12 Sep 2006 | Queens Park Rangers v Birmingham City | L | 0-2 | League Championship | |
| 16 Sep 2006 | Colchester United v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-1 | League Championship | |
| 19 Sep 2006 | Port Vale v Queens Park Rangers | L | 3-2 | League Cup | 2nd round |
| 23 Sep 2006 | Queens Park Rangers v Hull City | W | 2-0 | League Championship | |
| 30 Sep 2006 | Southampton v Queens Park Rangers | W | 1-2 | League Championship | |
| 14 Oct 2006 | Queens Park Rangers v Norwich City | D | 3-3 | League Championship | |
| 17 Oct 2006 | Queens Park Rangers v Derby County | L | 1-2 | League Championship | |
| 21 Oct 2006 | Sheffield Wednesday v Queens Park Rangers | L | 3-2 | League Championship | |
| 16 Dec 2006 | Queens Park Rangers v Wolverhampton Wanderers | L | 0-1 | League Championship | |
| 23 Dec 2006 | Queens Park Rangers v Barnsley | W | 1-0 | League Championship | |
| 26 Dec 2006 | Birmingham City v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-1 | League Championship | |
| 06 Jan 2007 | Queens Park Rangers v Luton Town | D | 2-2 | FA Cup | 3rd round |
| 13 Jan 2007 | Hull City v Queens Park Rangers | L | 2-1 | League Championship | |
| 20 Jan 2007 | Queens Park Rangers v Southampton | L | 0-2 | League Championship | |
| 06 May 2007 | Queens Park Rangers v Stoke City | D | 1-1 | League Championship | |
Please note: Match history is complete for the Premier and Football Leagues and (in most cases all) internationals.
International stats
| Season | Team | Competition | Apps | Subs | Goals | Y | R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998-99 | Canada | Canada Cup | 3 | ||||
| 1998-99 | Canada | International Friendly | 1 | 1 |
1 |
||
| 1999-00 | Canada | CONCACAF Gold Cup | 3 | ||||
| 1999-00 | Canada | International Friendly | 2 | ||||
| 2000-01 | Canada | FIFA World Cup | 1 | 1 |
|||
| 2000-01 | Canada | LG Cup Four Nations Tournament (Cairo) | 1 | ||||
| 2003-04 | Canada | FIFA World Cup | 1 | ||||
| 2003-04 | Canada | International Friendly | 2 | 1 |
1
|
Please note: Career stats are based on performances in the Premier and Football Leagues and (in most cases all) internationals.
International matches
| Date | Match | Result | Competition | Round | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27 Apr 1999 | Northern Ireland v Canada | D | 1-1 | International Friendly | |
| 29 May 1999 | Canada v Guatemala | W | 1-0 | International Friendly | |
| 02 Jun 1999 | Canada v Guatemala | W | 2-0 | Canada Cup | |
| 04 Jun 1999 | Canada v Iran | L | 0-1 | Canada Cup | |
| 06 Jun 1999 | Canada v Ecuador | L | 1-2 | CANADA CUP | |
| 09 Jul 1999 | Saudi Arabia v Canada | L | 2-0 | International Friendly | |
| 02 Sep 1999 | Canada v Jamaica | W | 1-0 | International Friendly | |
| 06 Oct 1999 | Canada v Cuba | D | 0-0 | CONCACAF Gold Cup | |
| 08 Oct 1999 | Canada v El Salvador | W | 2-1 | CONCACAF Gold Cup | |
| 10 Oct 1999 | Canada v Haiti | W | 2-1 | CONCACAF Gold Cup | |
| 15 Aug 2000 | Mexico v Canada | L | 2-0 | FIFA World Cup | CONCACAF semi-final group C |
| 15 Nov 2000 | Canada v Mexico | D | 0-0 | FIFA World Cup | CONCACAF semi-final group C |
| 24 Apr 2001 | Egypt v Canada | L | 3-0 | LG Cup Four Nations Tournament (Cairo) | |
| 11 Oct 2003 | Finland v Canada | L | 3-2 | International Friendly | |
| 18 Nov 2003 | Republic of Ireland v Canada | L | 3-0 | International Friendly | |
| 30 May 2004 | Wales v Canada | L | 1-0 | International Friendly | |
| 16 Jun 2004 | Canada v Belize | W | 4-0 | FIFA World Cup | CONCACAF group 8 |
Please note: Match history is complete for the Premier and Football Leagues and (in most cases all) internationals.