Olof Mellberg
| Date of birth | 03 September 1977 |
| Place of birth | Stockholm |
| Nationality | Swede |
| Weight | 82 kg |
| Height | 1.94 m |
| Position | Defender |
Mellberg began his career in the domestic league at Degerfors in the 1996 season. After only one season he moved to AIK Solna where he came to the attention of Spanish club Racing Santender for whom he signed in the October 1998.
Olef made his debut for Sweden in February 2000 against Italy and went on to win a place in the squad for the Euro 2000 finals, featuring in each of his country's three matches.
He became a regular in the Swedish national team and his performances bought him to the attention of Premiership side Aston Villa whom he joined in the 2001 close season for £7 million. He fitted in well replacing Gareth Southgate at the heart of the defence and was seen as a key player for Sweden at the 2002 World Cup Finals.
Mellberg signed a new four-year contract with Aston Villa in May 2004.
Club history
| Team | Joined | Left | Loan / Trialist |
|---|---|---|---|
| AIK Solna | 01 Jul 1997 | 30 Jun 1998 | |
| Racing Santander | 01 Jul 1998 | 30 Jun 2000 | |
| Aston Villa | 25 Jul 2000 | 30 Jun 2008 | |
| Juventus | 01 Jul 2008 | 01 Jul 2009 | |
| Olympiakos | 01 Jul 2009 |
Club stats
| Season | Team | Competition | Apps | Subs | Goals | Y | R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000-01 | Racing Santander | Primera Liga | 35 | 1 |
5
|
||
| 2001-02 | Aston Villa | FA Cup | 1 | ||||
| 2001-02 | Aston Villa | League Cup | 1 | ||||
| 2001-02 | Aston Villa | Premier League | 32 |
3
|
|||
| 2001-02 | Aston Villa | UEFA Cup | 2 | ||||
| 2002-03 | Aston Villa | FA Cup | 1 | ||||
| 2002-03 | Aston Villa | League Cup | 2 | ||||
| 2002-03 | Aston Villa | Premier League | 38 | 1 |
1
|
||
| 2002-03 | Aston Villa | UEFA Intertoto Cup | 3 | ||||
| 2003-04 | Aston Villa | FA Cup | 1 | ||||
| 2003-04 | Aston Villa | League Cup | 5 | ||||
| 2003-04 | Aston Villa | Premier League | 33 | 1 |
4
|
||
| 2004-05 | Aston Villa | FA Cup | 1 | ||||
| 2004-05 | Aston Villa | League Cup | 2 | ||||
| 2004-05 | Aston Villa | Premier League | 30 | 3 |
6
|
||
| 2005-06 | Aston Villa | FA Cup | 4 |
2
|
|||
| 2005-06 | Aston Villa | League Cup | 2 | ||||
| 2005-06 | Aston Villa | Premier League | 27 |
5
|
|||
| 2006-07 | Aston Villa | League Cup | 3 |
1
|
|||
| 2006-07 | Aston Villa | Premier League | 38 | 1 |
8
|
||
| 2007-08 | Aston Villa | FA Cup | 1 | ||||
| 2007-08 | Aston Villa | League Cup | 2 | ||||
| 2007-08 | Aston Villa | Premier League | 33 | 1 |
2 |
4
|
1
|
| 2008-09 | Juventus | UEFA Champions League | 2 | ||||
| 2009-10 | Olympiakos | UEFA Champions League | 2 | ||||
| 2011-12 | Olympiakos | UEFA Champions League | 6 |
1
|
|||
| 2011-12 | Olympiakos | UEFA Europa League | 3 |
2
|
Please note: Career stats are based on performances in the Premier and Football Leagues and (in most cases all) internationals.
Club matches
| Date | Match | Result | Competition | Round | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 09 Sep 2000 | Real Sociedad v Racing Santander | D | 2-2 | Primera Liga | 1 |
| 16 Sep 2000 | Racing Santander v Deportivo La Coruña | L | 0-3 | Primera Liga | 2 |
| 23 Sep 2000 | Barcelona v Racing Santander | L | 3-1 | Primera Liga | 3 |
| 30 Sep 2000 | Racing Santander v Real Madrid | D | 0-0 | Primera Liga | 4 |
| 15 Oct 2000 | Real Mallorca v Racing Santander | L | 2-1 | Primera Liga | 5 |
| 22 Oct 2000 | Racing Santander v Numancia | W | 4-2 | Primera Liga | 6 |
| 28 Oct 2000 | Las Palmas v Racing Santander | L | 2-1 | Primera Liga | 7 |
| 01 Nov 2000 | Racing Santander v Villarreal | W | 3-1 | Primera Liga | 8 |
| 05 Nov 2000 | Real Zaragoza v Racing Santander | L | 2-0 | Primera Liga | 9 |
| 12 Nov 2000 | Racing Santander v Osasuna | D | 0-0 | Primera Liga | 10 |
| 19 Nov 2000 | Celta Vigo v Racing Santander | D | 1-1 | Primera Liga | 11 |
| 26 Nov 2000 | Racing Santander v Español | L | 1-2 | Primera Liga | 12 |
| 02 Dec 2000 | Rayo Vallecano v Racing Santander | L | 4-1 | Primera Liga | 13 |
| 10 Dec 2000 | Racing Santander v Alavés | W | 2-1 | Primera Liga | 14 |
| 17 Dec 2000 | Oviedo v Racing Santander | L | 1-0 | Primera Liga | 15 |
| 20 Dec 2000 | Racing Santander v Valladolid | D | 2-2 | Primera Liga | 16 |
| 07 Jan 2001 | Valencia v Racing Santander | L | 1-0 | Primera Liga | 17 |
| 14 Jan 2001 | Racing Santander v Malaga | L | 0-1 | Primera Liga | 18 |
| 21 Jan 2001 | Athletic Bilbao v Racing Santander | L | 3-1 | Primera Liga | 19 |
| 28 Jan 2001 | Racing Santander v Real Sociedad | L | 1-4 | Primera Liga | 20 |
| 04 Feb 2001 | Deportivo La Coruña v Racing Santander | L | 2-1 | Primera Liga | 21 |
| 11 Feb 2001 | Racing Santander v Barcelona | W | 4-0 | Primera Liga | 22 |
| 17 Feb 2001 | Real Madrid v Racing Santander | L | 1-0 | Primera Liga | 23 |
| 25 Feb 2001 | Racing Santander v Real Mallorca | W | 2-1 | Primera Liga | 24 |
| 04 Mar 2001 | Numancia v Racing Santander | L | 1-0 | Primera Liga | 25 |
| 11 Mar 2001 | Racing Santander v Las Palmas | W | 2-1 | Primera Liga | 26 |
| 18 Mar 2001 | Villarreal v Racing Santander | L | 4-2 | Primera Liga | 27 |
| 01 Apr 2001 | Racing Santander v Real Zaragoza | W | 2-1 | Primera Liga | 28 |
| 15 Apr 2001 | Racing Santander v Celta Vigo | W | 3-0 | Primera Liga | 30 |
| 22 Apr 2001 | Español v Racing Santander | L | 3-0 | Primera Liga | 31 |
| 29 Apr 2001 | Racing Santander v Rayo Vallecano | D | 1-1 | Primera Liga | 32 |
| 06 May 2001 | Alavés v Racing Santander | L | 5-1 | Primera Liga | 33 |
| 20 May 2001 | Valladolid v Racing Santander | D | 1-1 | Primera Liga | 35 |
| 27 May 2001 | Racing Santander v Valencia | D | 1-1 | Primera Liga | 36 |
| 10 Jun 2001 | Malaga v Racing Santander | L | 2-1 | Primera Liga | 37 |
| 16 Jun 2001 | Racing Santander v Athletic Bilbao | W | 3-0 | Primera Liga | 38 |
Please note: Match history is complete for the Premier and Football Leagues and (in most cases all) internationals.
International stats
| Season | Team | Competition | Apps | Subs | Goals | Y | R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996-97 | Sweden | UEFA Under-21 | 5 | 1 |
|||
| 1996-97 | Sweden | Under-21 | 1 | ||||
| 1997-98 | Sweden | UEFA Under-21 | 5 | 1 |
1 |
1
|
|
| 1997-98 | Sweden | Under-21 | 1 | ||||
| 1998-99 | Sweden | UEFA Under-21 | 5 | 1 |
|||
| 1999-00 | Sweden | International Friendly | 1 | 3 |
|||
| 1999-00 | Sweden | UEFA European Championship | 3 | ||||
| 1999-00 | Sweden | UEFA Under-21 | 1 | ||||
| 2000-01 | Sweden | FIFA World Cup | 5 | ||||
| 2000-01 | Sweden | International Friendly | 2 | ||||
| 2000-01 | Sweden | Nordic Championships | 1 | ||||
| 2001-02 | Sweden | FIFA World Cup | 6 | ||||
| 2001-02 | Sweden | International Friendly | 4 | ||||
| 2002-03 | Sweden | International Friendly | 4 | ||||
| 2002-03 | Sweden | UEFA European Championship | 5 | ||||
| 2003-04 | Sweden | International Friendly | 5 | ||||
| 2003-04 | Sweden | UEFA European Championship | 7 | 1 |
|||
| 2004-05 | Sweden | FIFA World Cup | 6 | ||||
| 2004-05 | Sweden | International Friendly | 3 | ||||
| 2005-06 | Sweden | FIFA World Cup | 8 | 1 |
|||
| 2005-06 | Sweden | International Friendly | 4 | ||||
| 2006-07 | Sweden | International Friendly | 1 | ||||
| 2006-07 | Sweden | UEFA European Championship | 5 | 1 |
|||
| 2007-08 | Sweden | International Friendly | 4 | ||||
| 2007-08 | Sweden | UEFA European Championship | 7 | 1 |
1
|
||
| 2008-09 | Sweden | FIFA World Cup | 5 | ||||
| 2008-09 | Sweden | International Friendly | 3 | ||||
| 2009-10 | Sweden | FIFA World Cup | 4 | 3 |
1
|
||
| 2009-10 | Sweden | International Friendly | 4 | ||||
| 2010-11 | Sweden | Cyprus International Tournament | 1 |
||||
| 2010-11 | Sweden | International Friendly | 1 | ||||
| 2010-11 | Sweden | UEFA European Championship | 4 |
1
|
|||
| 2011-12 | Sweden | International Friendly | 5 | ||||
| 2011-12 | Sweden | UEFA European Championship | 5 | 1 |
1
|
Please note: Career stats are based on performances in the Premier and Football Leagues and (in most cases all) internationals.
International matches
| Date | Match | Result | Competition | Round | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 Aug 1996 | Sweden v Denmark | W | 3-2 | U21 | |
| 31 Aug 1996 | Latvia v Sweden | W | 0-2 | UEFA U21 | Group 4 |
| 08 Oct 1996 | Sweden v Austria | W | 4-1 | UEFA U21 | Group 4 |
| 09 Nov 1996 | Scotland v Sweden | W | 1-4 | UEFA U21 | Group 4 |
| 29 Apr 1997 | Sweden v Scotland | W | 2-1 | UEFA U21 | Group 4 |
| 07 Jun 1997 | Estonia v Sweden | W | 0-2 | UEFA U21 | Group 4 |
| 19 Aug 1997 | Belarus v Sweden | W | 0-1 | UEFA U21 | Group 4 |
| 09 Sep 1997 | Sweden v Latvia | W | 5-0 | UEFA Under-21 | Group 4 |
| 10 Oct 1997 | Sweden v Estonia | W | 5-0 | UEFA U21 | Group 4 |
| 21 Apr 1998 | Sweden v France | D | 0-0 | U21 | |
| 24 May 1998 | Norway v Sweden | L | 1-0 | UEFA U21 | Finals quarter-final |
| 27 May 1998 | Russia v Sweden | W | 0-2 | UEFA U21 | Play-off |
| 29 May 1998 | Germany v Sweden | L | 2-0 | UEFA U21 | 5 6 |
| 04 Sep 1998 | Sweden v England | L | 0-2 | UEFA Under-21 | Group 5 |
| 13 Oct 1998 | Bulgaria v Sweden | L | 2-1 | UEFA U21 | Group 5 |
| 26 Mar 1999 | Sweden v Luxembourg | W | 3-0 | UEFA U21 | Group 5 |
| 30 Mar 1999 | Poland v Sweden | L | 2-0 | UEFA U21 | Group 5 |
| 04 Jun 1999 | England v Sweden | L | 3-0 | UEFA Under-21 | Group 5 |
| 03 Sep 1999 | Sweden v Bulgaria | L | 1-4 | UEFA U21 | Group 5 |
| 23 Feb 2000 | Italy v Sweden | L | 1-0 | International Friendly | |
| 29 Mar 2000 | Austria v Sweden | D | 1-1 | International Friendly | |
| 26 Apr 2000 | Denmark v Sweden | W | 0-1 | International Friendly | |
| 03 Jun 2000 | Sweden v Spain | D | 1-1 | International Friendly | |
| 10 Jun 2000 | Belgium v Sweden | L | 2-1 | UEFA European Championship | Finals Group B |
| 15 Jun 2000 | Sweden v Turkey | D | 0-0 | UEFA European Championship | Finals Group B |
| 19 Jun 2000 | Italy v Sweden | L | 2-1 | UEFA European Championship | Finals Group B |
| 16 Aug 2000 | Iceland v Sweden | L | 2-1 | NORDIC CUP | |
| 11 Oct 2000 | Slovakia v Sweden | D | 0-0 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 4 |
| 28 Feb 2001 | Malta v Sweden | W | 0-3 | International Friendly | |
| 24 Mar 2001 | Sweden v North Macedonia | W | 1-0 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 4 |
| 28 Mar 2001 | Moldova v Sweden | W | 0-2 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 4 |
| 25 Apr 2001 | Switzerland v Sweden | W | 0-2 | International Friendly | |
| 02 Jun 2001 | Sweden v Slovakia | W | 2-0 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 4 |
| 06 Jun 2001 | Sweden v Moldova | W | 6-0 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 4 |
| 15 Aug 2001 | Sweden v South Africa | W | 3-0 | International Friendly | |
| 01 Sep 2001 | North Macedonia v Sweden | W | 1-2 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 4 |
| 05 Sep 2001 | Turkey v Sweden | W | 1-2 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 4 |
| 27 Mar 2002 | Sweden v Switzerland | D | 1-1 | International Friendly | |
| 17 Apr 2002 | Norway v Sweden | D | 0-0 | International Friendly | |
| 25 May 2002 | Japan v Sweden | D | 1-1 | International Friendly | |
| 02 Jun 2002 | England v Sweden | D | 1-1 | FIFA World Cup | Finals group F |
| 07 Jun 2002 | Sweden v Nigeria | W | 2-1 | FIFA World Cup | Finals group F |
| 12 Jun 2002 | Sweden v Argentina | D | 1-1 | FIFA World Cup | Finals group F |
| 16 Jun 2002 | Sweden v Senegal | L | 1-2 | FIFA World Cup | Finals 2nd round |
| 21 Aug 2002 | Russia v Sweden | D | 1-1 | International Friendly | |
| 07 Sep 2002 | Latvia v Sweden | D | 0-0 | UEFA European Championship | Group 4 |
| 12 Oct 2002 | Sweden v Hungary | D | 1-1 | UEFA European Championship | Group 4 |
| 16 Oct 2002 | Sweden v Portugal | L | 2-3 | International Friendly | |
| 12 Feb 2003 | Tunisia v Sweden | L | 1-0 | International Friendly | |
| 02 Apr 2003 | Hungary v Sweden | W | 1-2 | UEFA European Championship | Group 4 |
| 30 Apr 2003 | Sweden v Croatia | L | 1-2 | International Friendly | |
| 07 Jun 2003 | San Marino v Sweden | W | 0-6 | UEFA European Championship | Group 4 |
| 11 Jun 2003 | Sweden v Poland | W | 3-0 | UEFA European Championship | Group 4 |
| 20 Aug 2003 | Sweden v Greece | L | 1-2 | International Friendly | |
| 06 Sep 2003 | Sweden v San Marino | W | 5-0 | UEFA European Championship | Group 4 |
| 10 Sep 2003 | Poland v Sweden | W | 0-2 | UEFA European Championship | Group 4 |
| 11 Oct 2003 | Sweden v Latvia | L | 0-1 | UEFA European Championship | Group 4 |
| 18 Nov 2003 | Egypt v Sweden | L | 1-0 | International Friendly | |
| 31 Mar 2004 | Sweden v England | W | 1-0 | International Friendly | |
| 28 Apr 2004 | Portugal v Sweden | D | 2-2 | International Friendly | |
| 05 Jun 2004 | Sweden v Poland | W | 3-1 | International Friendly | |
| 14 Jun 2004 | Sweden v Bulgaria | W | 5-0 | UEFA European Championship | Finals Group C |
| 18 Jun 2004 | Italy v Sweden | D | 1-1 | UEFA European Championship | Finals Group C |
| 22 Jun 2004 | Denmark v Sweden | D | 2-2 | UEFA European Championship | Finals Group C |
| 26 Jun 2004 | Sweden v Netherlands | L | 0-0 (4-5) | UEFA European Championship | Quarter-final |
| 18 Aug 2004 | Sweden v Netherlands | D | 2-2 | International Friendly | |
| 04 Sep 2004 | Malta v Sweden | W | 0-7 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 8 |
| 08 Sep 2004 | Sweden v Croatia | L | 0-1 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 8 |
| 09 Oct 2004 | Sweden v Hungary | W | 3-0 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 8 |
| 13 Oct 2004 | Iceland v Sweden | W | 1-4 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 8 |
| 17 Nov 2004 | Scotland v Sweden | W | 1-4 | International Friendly | |
| 09 Feb 2005 | France v Sweden | D | 1-1 | International Friendly | |
| 26 Mar 2005 | Bulgaria v Sweden | W | 0-3 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 8 |
| 04 Jun 2005 | Sweden v Malta | W | 6-0 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 8 |
| 17 Aug 2005 | Sweden v Czech Republic | W | 2-1 | International Friendly | |
| 03 Sep 2005 | Sweden v Bulgaria | W | 3-0 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 8 |
| 07 Sep 2005 | Hungary v Sweden | W | 0-1 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 8 |
| 08 Oct 2005 | Croatia v Sweden | L | 1-0 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 8 |
| 12 Oct 2005 | Sweden v Iceland | W | 3-1 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 8 |
| 01 Mar 2006 | Republic of Ireland v Sweden | L | 3-0 | International Friendly | |
| 25 May 2006 | Sweden v Finland | D | 0-0 | International Friendly | |
| 02 Jun 2006 | Sweden v Chile | D | 1-1 | International Friendly | |
| 10 Jun 2006 | Trinidad and Tobago v Sweden | D | 0-0 | FIFA World Cup | Finals Group B |
| 15 Jun 2006 | Sweden v Paraguay | W | 1-0 | FIFA World Cup | Finals Group B |
| 20 Jun 2006 | Sweden v England | D | 2-2 | FIFA World Cup | Finals Group B |
| 24 Jun 2006 | Germany v Sweden | L | 2-0 | FIFA World Cup | Finals - Round of 16 |
| 02 Sep 2006 | Latvia v Sweden | W | 0-1 | UEFA European Championship | Group F |
| 07 Oct 2006 | Sweden v Spain | W | 2-0 | UEFA European Championship | Group F |
| 07 Feb 2007 | Egypt v Sweden | L | 2-0 | International Friendly | |
| 28 Mar 2007 | Northern Ireland v Sweden | L | 2-1 | UEFA European Championship | Group F |
| 02 Jun 2007 | Denmark v Sweden | W | 0-3 | UEFA European Championship | Group F |
| 06 Jun 2007 | Sweden v Iceland | W | 5-0 | UEFA European Championship | Group F |
| 22 Aug 2007 | Sweden v USA | W | 1-0 | International Friendly | |
| 08 Sep 2007 | Sweden v Denmark | D | 0-0 | UEFA European Championship | Group F |
| 17 Oct 2007 | Sweden v Northern Ireland | D | 1-1 | UEFA European Championship | Group F |
| 17 Nov 2007 | Spain v Sweden | L | 3-0 | UEFA European Championship | Group F |
| 21 Nov 2007 | Sweden v Latvia | W | 2-1 | UEFA European Championship | Group F |
| 26 Mar 2008 | Brazil v Sweden | L | 1-0 | International Friendly | |
| 26 May 2008 | Sweden v Slovenia | W | 1-0 | International Friendly | |
| 01 Jun 2008 | Sweden v Ukraine | L | 0-1 | International Friendly | |
| 10 Jun 2008 | Greece v Sweden | W | 0-2 | UEFA European Championship | Finals Group D |
| 14 Jun 2008 | Spain v Sweden | L | 2-1 | UEFA European Championship | Finals Group D |
| 18 Jun 2008 | Russia v Sweden | L | 2-0 | UEFA European Championship | Finals Group D |
| 20 Aug 2008 | Sweden v France | L | 2-3 | International Friendly | |
| 06 Sep 2008 | Albania v Sweden | D | 0-0 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 1 |
| 10 Sep 2008 | Sweden v Hungary | W | 2-1 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 1 |
| 11 Feb 2009 | Austria v Sweden | W | 0-2 | International Friendly | |
| 28 Mar 2009 | Portugal v Sweden | D | 0-0 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 1 |
| 01 Apr 2009 | Serbia v Sweden | L | 2-0 | International Friendly | |
| 06 Jun 2009 | Sweden v Denmark | L | 0-1 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 1 |
| 10 Jun 2009 | Sweden v Malta | W | 4-0 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 1 |
| 12 Aug 2009 | Sweden v Finland | W | 1-0 | International Friendly | |
| 05 Sep 2009 | Hungary v Sweden | W | 1-2 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 1 |
| 09 Sep 2009 | Malta v Sweden | W | 0-1 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 1 |
| 10 Oct 2009 | Denmark v Sweden | L | 1-0 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 1 |
| 14 Oct 2009 | Sweden v Albania | W | 4-1 | FIFA World Cup | Europe group 1 |
| 18 Nov 2009 | Italy v Sweden | L | 1-0 | International Friendly | |
| 03 Mar 2010 | Wales v Sweden | W | 0-1 | International Friendly | |
| 29 May 2010 | Sweden v Bosnia and Herzegovina | W | 4-2 | International Friendly | |
| 11 Aug 2010 | Sweden v Scotland | W | 3-0 | International Friendly | |
| 03 Sep 2010 | Sweden v Hungary | W | 2-0 | UEFA European Championship | Group E |
| 07 Sep 2010 | Sweden v San Marino | W | 6-0 | UEFA European Championship | Group E |
| 09 Feb 2011 | Sweden v Ukraine | L | 1-1 (4-5) | Cyprus International Tournament | Final |
| 03 Jun 2011 | Moldova v Sweden | W | 1-4 | UEFA European Championship | Group E |
| 07 Jun 2011 | Sweden v Finland | W | 5-0 | UEFA European Championship | Group E |
| 07 Oct 2011 | Finland v Sweden | W | 1-2 | UEFA European Championship | Group E |
| 11 Oct 2011 | Sweden v Netherlands | W | 3-2 | UEFA European Championship | Group E |
| 11 Nov 2011 | Denmark v Sweden | L | 2-0 | International Friendly | |
| 15 Nov 2011 | England v Sweden | L | 1-0 | International Friendly | |
| 29 Feb 2012 | Croatia v Sweden | W | 1-3 | International Friendly | |
| 30 May 2012 | Sweden v Iceland | W | 3-2 | International Friendly | |
| 05 Jun 2012 | Sweden v Serbia | W | 2-1 | International Friendly | |
| 11 Jun 2012 | Ukraine v Sweden | L | 2-1 | UEFA European Championship | Finals Group D |
| 15 Jun 2012 | Sweden v England | L | 2-3 | UEFA European Championship | Finals Group D |
| 19 Jun 2012 | Sweden v France | W | 2-0 | UEFA European Championship | Finals Group D |
Please note: Match history is complete for the Premier and Football Leagues and (in most cases all) internationals.